Abstract: The article conducted a questionnaire survey on the professional quality situation of mathematics teachers in 20 primary schools in three prefectural cities in Fujian Province. The results show that although the overall level of professional quality of primary school mathematics teachers is at an intermediate level, the level is imbalanced in the three dimensions of professional knowledge, professional skills, and professional sentiment, and there are significant differences in gender, teaching experience, professional title, first and highest degree. In response to the existing problems, in order to improve the professional quality of primary school mathematics teachers, the government must establish an incentive and guarantee system and optimize the teacher evaluation system. Schools should pay attention to the professional growth of teachers and increase teacher training efforts. Teachers should improve their understanding of professional quality development and strengthen their reflective ability.