Abstract: 1902,LIANG Qi-chao founded Report of New Citizen toadvocate the"New Citizen Theory",and this aroused the longstanding movement of"national character transformation"in Modern China's history which made the modernization of people become an important issue that cannot be avoided in the modernization process of China.After a century which passed as transient as a fleeting cloud,we re-examine the"human science"ideology of the Enlightenment thinkers of that generation,we can find that its content and meaning,origin and aim,value and limitations will no doubt give more clues to the construction and future development of spirit of the Chinese nation.