《哥达纲领批判》中的“斯芬克斯之谜”——试析生产劳动二重性与“资产阶级权利”

The duahity of productive labor and bourgeois right

摘要: 《哥达纲领批判》把按劳分配规定为“资产阶级权利”,这被认为是一个“斯芬克斯之谜”。传统观点认为这是马克思用商品生产的尺度衡量按劳分配的结果。其实,破谜的关键在于生产劳动二重性。生产劳动既是劳动者作为主体的自觉创造过程,又是劳动者作为客体的体力耗费过程,这种二重性是造成资产阶级权利的根源。随着生产劳动转化为自由劳动,体力耗费不再成为生产财富的基础,劳动时间不再成为财富的尺度;逃避劳动和转嫁劳动不再是一部分人自由发展的条件,资产阶级权利也逐渐消亡。

Abstract: Marx regard distribution according to work as bourgeois right. A kind of conventional viewpoints is that Marx weigh distribution according to work with commodity scale. In fact,the answer lies in the twoness of productive labor: creative and exhausting. Such a twoness is the root of bourgeois right. Along with productive labor changing to free labor, bourgeois right will fade away.