Abstract: Huainanzi is a comprehensive ideological classic compiled in the early Western Han Dynasty, integrating Taoism, Confucianism, Yin-Yang and Five Elements School, and the theories of various schools of thought. On the basis of inheriting the ancient historical legends of the pre-Qin period, relying on the Five Elements cosmic schema and the structure of the Five Directions and Five Emperors, this book has constructed multiple images of three figures: Shennong, Yan Emperor and Huang Emperor, and formed a view of Yan and Huang with unique characteristics of the times. In Huainanzi, Shennong and Yan Emperor are not the same person, maintaining a relatively clear identity boundary: Shennong is the ancestor of humanity representing agriculture and medicine; Yan Emperor is a tribal leader defeated by Huang Emperor, belonging to the system of the Five Emperors of the Five Directions, appearing as the god of fire virtue in the south; Huang Emperor belongs not only to the lineage of ancient emperors but also to the system of the Five Emperors of the Five Directions, with multiple identities as the central emperor of earth virtue, a wise ruler governing by non-action, and a founder of civilized systems. Based on the text of Huainanzi, this paper systematically analyzes the similarities and differences among the images of Shennong, Yan Emperor and Huang Emperor on the basis of sorting out the records in the original text, summarizes the characteristics of the view of Yan and Huang in Huainanzi, discusses its long-term impact on the overall development of the concept of Yan and Huang in later generations, and further reveals the pivotal significance and historical status of Huainanzi in the development and evolution of Yan and Huang culture.