Abstract: Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2020, the efficiency of rural industrial integration was calculated using the SBM-Malmquist model, and through the panel fixed effect model, the influence mechanism of the efficiency of rural industrial integration on farmers' income levels was systematically investigated. The research findings are as follows: First, the efficiency of rural industrial integration has a significant positive promoting effect on the growth of farmers' income; Secondly, the efficiency of rural industrial integration has a significant positive impact on the income growth of farmers in eastern China, while the impact on other regions is not significant. Thirdly, the level of human capital plays a partial mediating role between the efficiency of rural industrial integration and farmers' income, indicating that the improvement of integration efficiency not only directly drives income increase but also indirectly promotes income growth by enhancing farmers' human capital. Based on this, this paper proposes that measures such as optimizing the industrial integration model, promoting regional coordinated development and strengthening human capital investment should be taken to further enhance the efficiency of rural industrial integration and release its income growth potential.