Abstract: The new national system of tackling key problems in science and technology is an institutional arrangement that takes national development and security as the fundamental goal, scientifically plans all kinds of innovative subjects and resources, concentrates the government, market, enterprises and other forces, and makes multi-subjects work together to tackle key problems and integrate deeply. Looking back on the 70-year history of scientific and technological research since the founding of New China, the whole country system has been running through it, showing different forms at different stages of development and taking on different historical missions. It urgently needs strong scientific and technological support to construct the new development pattern, and strengthening scientific and technological breakthroughs. From the perspective of smoothing domestic and international dual cycles, promoting high-quality economic development, achieving self-reliance and ensuring industrial and supply chain and national security, the new development pattern puts forward the requirements of the times for building a new national system for scientific and technological research and gives it new tasks. To construct a new national system for scientific and technological research, it must inherit the socialist system advantages of concentrating power to do major events, coordinate the government's leadership and the role of market players, strengthen national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national scientific and technological innovation organization model and management mechanism, and promote the integration of scientific and technological resources in key areas, exploring the formation of an institutional system that keeps pace with the times in aspects such as industrialized configuration, advancing the construction of innovative consortia and the deep integration of industry, university and research.