Abstract: While affirming that the development of science and technology has brought abundant material life, Western Marxism has revealed and criticized the social alienation and environmental problems caused by capitalist use of science and technology. Western Marxism organically combines the critique of technological rationality with the critique of capitalist society,and profoundly reveals that the use of capitalism in science and technology is the key factor that causes the plight of human existence and environmental problems in contemporary society. The theoretical exploration of Western Marxism on eliminating technological alienation and getting out of human survival dilemma still has important reference significance in contemporary society.