《论语》“敏德”诠释的汉宋学术差异

The Analects and the Academic Differences of Min's Interpretation between Han and Song Dynasties

  • 摘要: 历代儒者对《论语》中“敏”的解释主要为疾速义与勤勉义。无论是在为学、言行、事功还是仁德方面,经学时代的汉唐儒者将儒家“敏德”视为疾速,体现为向外谋求进取事功的特点;理学时代的宋明儒者将“敏德”视为勤勉,转变为向内探求仁德,由此通往与把握最高本体“理”或“心”。对《论语》“敏德”的诠释有如此转变,与汉唐儒者和宋明儒者在思想观念、个人气质、国家气象上的差异息息相关。汉唐两朝在中国历史上充满大国气象,对外极其强盛;而宋明两代则国势相对文弱,但其内质却极其富有。国家气象上的外强与内富的不同映射到个人身上,体现为汉唐儒者追求进取的刚性气质与宋明儒者注重持守的韧性气质。而如此国家气象与个人气质的差异,其内在原因在于时人思想观念的转变,宋儒对汉唐功业提出批判,特别是程朱理学兴起,儒者在价值观上有所偏重,侧重于内圣的人格取向,实质是内圣压倒外王的体现,由此从外向事功转为向内求仁。儒家敏德是一种对行事的主张与追求,今天若能重拾儒家“敏德”理念,当合疾速与勤勉二义为之,在内质与外事上取得统一。

     

    Abstract: Ancient Confucians explained the min (敏) in The Analects mainly for quick meaning and diligence. Regardless of whether it is for learning, words and deeds, meritorious deeds, or virtue, in the era of learning, the Han and Tang dynasties viewed Confucian virtue of min (Min De) as a swiftness, embodying the characteristics of seeking outward progress. In the Neo-Confucian era, Song Mingru viewed the virtue of min as diligent, which turns to searching inwards for virtue of kindheartedness (Ren De), which leads to and grasps the supreme ontological "rationality" or "heart". The reason why the interpretation of The Analects has such a change is closely related to the differences between Confucians in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and those in the Song and Ming Dynasties in the ideology, personal temperament, and national situation. The history of the Han and Tang dynasties can be described as a great period in the history of China. It is extremely strong externally, while that of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties is weak, but extremely rich internally. The differences are mapped to individuals, reflecting the rigid temperament pursued by the Han and Tang Scholars and the toughness tempered by those of the Song and Ming Dynasties, and such differences lie in the change of people's ideological concepts. Song Confucians criticized the achievements of the Han and Tang dynasties, especially the rise of Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism. The Confucians valued their own values and focused on the inner sacred. Personality orientation is essentially a manifestation of the inner sanctity and pressure on the outer king. Hence, it has turned from an extroverted affair to seeking inwardness. Confucian Min De is a proposition and pursuit of action and practice. If we can regain the Confucian virtues today, we should combine it with diligence to achieve unity in our internal and external affairs.

     

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