WANG Kaiyun

WANG Kaiyun's view of tongjing (meaning mastering the classics) pays attention to its righteousness as in Spring and Autumn Annals, focusing on its practical use and the traditional thinking of following the principles of self-government. WANG Kaiyun's view of zhishi means the practical ability besides mastering the classic principles. WANG Kaiyun attaches great importance to tongjing rather than zhishi. But learning, as the bridge in tongjing and zhishi, is also paid attention to.