Abstract: Marx's thoughts of fair distribution were gradually generated in the process of criticizing classical and vulgar economics, and now have become an organic component of the Marxist theoretical system. Based on historical materialism, the thoughts deeply reveal the secret of the exploitation of capitalist wage labor system and its deviation from labor justice, systematically demonstrates the principle that production determines distribution, and ultimately devotes itself to realizing the free and comprehensive development of human beings, thus building a logical development path on the issue of distribution fairness, providing theoretical guidance for people to correctly understand distribution according to work.